• The Cartographer's Paradox: the model for "The Map is Not the Territory"
  
• The Map is Not the Territory: an in-depth discussion of its implications, with real-life examples
  
• Establishing Justified True Belief: steps take to ensure "certain" knowledge

Systems of Knowledge

• Han Green's Introduction to Philosophy as a system of Knowledge (video)
  
• A Basic Description of Plato's "Allegory of the Cave"
• A More Detailed Analysis of the "Allegory of the Cave"
  
  

• Perception as a Way of Knowing
• How Vision Really Works (sorry about the poor resolution and subtitles)
  
• Language as a Way of Knowing
• A Critical Overview of the Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis (from Simply Psychology)
  

• Types of Memory Diagram
• Why Flashbulb (Episodic) Memories are Inaccurate
• Reason as a Way of Knowing
• System 1 (Intuitive) and System 2 (Deliberate) Thinking
• Handout on Deductive Logic
  
• Inductive and Deductive Reasoning
  

• Personal and Shared Knowledge
  
• A detailed discussion of Personal and Shared Knowledge (from the American School of Madrid)
• The Relationship Between Personal and Shared Knowledge (from TOK ESSAY)
  
• Knowledge Questions
• Understanding Knowledge Questions (from TOK Resources)
• What Are Knowledge Questions (from TOK2022)
• How to Formulate Knowledge Questions (by Markus Lajunen)
• How to Write TOK Knowledge Questions (The Complete Guide) (from Help for Assessment)
  

• Meta-Ethics
• Meta-Ethics (from the New World Encyclopedia)
  
• Normative Ethics
• 4 Theories of Normative Ethics (Diagram)
• Individual Approaches:
  
• A Brief Explanation of Virtue Ethics w/video (from The Ethics Explainer)
• A Brief Explanation of Deonotology Ethics w/video (from Ethics Unwrapped)
  
• A Brief Explanation of Utilitarianism (from Investopedia)
• A Brief Explanation of the Ethics of Care (from The Ethics Centre)
  
• Applied Ethics
• Applied Ethics Overview w/video (from the University of Texas)
• Trolley Dillemma (simulations)
• The Trolley Problem Demonstrated (video clip from "The Good Place
• Simulation 1: Explaining the Trolley Dilemma (video from the BBC)
  
• Simulation 2: aShould You Kill the Fatman? (from Philosophy Experiments)
• Simulation 2b: Should You Kill the Backpacker? (from Philosophy Experiments)
  

• Transcript of Podcast

• The Traditional View of Science
  
• The Scientific Method (Diagram)
• How to tell Science from Psuedo-Science
• The Seven Warning Signs of Bogus (Pseudo-) Science
• Deconstructing Science (since some of these texts are not often included in ToK discussions, there is a link to each of the authors discussed in the Podcast)
• John Kemeny on Science (summary)
• Joseph Bronowski's "Knowledge or Certainty?" (complete chapter video)
• Karl Popper on Falsifiability (from Simply Psychology, including a video and a critical evaluation)
• Thomas Kuhn on the Nature of Scientific Revolution (a brief summary)
• Overview of Kuhn and his Work (from the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)
  
  

• The Scope of the Human Sciences
• Distinguishing Between the Natural Sciences and the Human Sciences (worksheet)
• Deconstructing the Methods of the Human Sciences
• Kemeny on the Approach of the Human Sciences (outline summary from A Philosopher Looks at Science)
• Laws in the Human Sciences
• Comparing Laws in the Natural Sciences and the Human Sciences (handout)
• The Two Main Approaches of the Human Sciences
• The Rational Choice Theory (examines more data-driven disciplines such as Economics)
• Claims of the Verstehen Position (examines more qualitative approaches such as Psychology)
• Case Studies in Rational Choice and Verstehen Approaches
• Economics (Rational Choice Theory outline)
• Psychology (Verstehen Theory outline)
  

• Is Art Subjective?
• Alchin on Art and Interpretation
• The Nature of Art
• The Arts (ToK PowerPoint)
  
• ToK and the Arts
• Notes on Art (this is a summary of the Dumbrowski ToK Text, upon which the podcast is largely based)
• Understanding Art (powerpoint designed to accoumpany "Notes on Art" outline)
  
• Examining Art
• How to Look at a Painting (an AP Art handout)
• Will the Next Picasso Be a Robot? (food for thought)
  
  

• The Nature of Mathematical Knowledge
  
• Is Mathematics Invented or Discovered? (TED Talk by Jeff Dekofsky-comes down on the side of Discovered)
• Mathematics and Empirical Knowledge (investigates the connection between math and the world)
• Understanding Mathematical Systems (primarily Geometry and Axioms)
  
• Axioms (a refresher on how they form the basis of some mathematical systems)
• Problems of Axioms (why we no longer view axioms as self-evidently "true)
• Kemeny on "Pure" and "Applied" Mathematics (from his A Philosopher Looks at Science)
• Deductive Logic (a review of the approach used in "Pure" mathematics)
• Mathematics and the Quest for Certainty
• 3 Views of Mathematical Truth (approaches outlined in the podcast's discussion of this topic)
  

• 3 Approaches to Understanding Religion
• Evidentialism
  
• Review of Evidentialism
• Pluralism
  
• Review of Pluralism
• Religious Pluralism (from the Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy)
• Reformed Epistemology
  
• Explaining Reformed Epistemology (video from Center for Philosophy of Religion)
• Reformed Epistemology (a rather lengthy but easy to understand treatment of the topic)
• Other Viewpoints
• The Science of Religion (science takes a whack at explaining religion)
  

• Class Notes on History as an Area of Knowledge (handouts are found in links within the notes)
• History as an Area of Knowledge (good introduction and video resources)
• History Resources (from ToK Topics)